Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, University of Shiraz

2 Assistant Professor of ELT, Islamic Azad University, Boukan Branch, Boukan, Iran

Abstract

Learner autonomy (henceforth LA) has become a buzz word in education in general and language education, in particular, for more than a decade now. Focusing on investigating Iranian EFL teachers’ conceptions of LA, the current study, taking a mixed method approach, attempted to illustrate how Iranian EFL teachers’ conceptions of leaner autonomy mapped out. To that end, 7 teachers, purposefully cluster sampled, were interviewed. After data saturation, the result of the interviews and the data gleaned from the literature were fed into the development of a questionnaire. The questionnaire, having being validated through a pilot study, was administered to 585 EFL teachers snowball-sampled, 2 of whom were, later on through negative case analysis, interviewed, and were required to provide the researchers with a narrative. Running a number of factor analyses, the researchers modeled the participants’ mindsets toward LA, which can be quite significant as it can have some theoretical and pedagogical implications, including, inter alia, situating LA promotion into the pedagogy of TEFL in Iran by running LA promotion workshops as well as developing a pool of LA promotion activities and software programs available to the stakeholders, especially the teachers.

Keywords

Afkhami, A., & Davari-Ardakani, N. (2006). Barnāmeh-rizi zabān va negāreš-hāye zabāni (Language policy and language attitude). Tehran University Journal of Literature and Human Sciences, 56(1), 1-23.
Al-Asmari, A. R. (2013). Practices and prospects of learner autonomy: Teachers’ perceptions.  English Language Teaching Journal, 6(3), 1-10.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. (2010). Introduction to research in education. Belmont: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Balcikanli, C. (2010). Learner autonomy in language learning: Student teachers’ beliefs. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35(1), 90-114.
Benson, P. (2001). Teaching and researching autonomy in language learning. London: Longman. 
Benson, P. (2006). Autonomy in language teaching and learning.  Language Teaching, 40 (1), 21-40.
Benson, P. (2011).  Teaching and researching autonomy in language learning (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.  
Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe, and do. Language Teaching, 36, 81-109.
Borg, S. (2006). The distinctive characteristics of foreign language teachers. Language Teaching Research, 10(1), 3-31.
Borg, S. and Al-Busaidi, S. (2012). Teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding LA. ELT Journal, 66(3), 283–91.
Breen, M., C. Candlin, L. Dam, and G. Gabrielsen. (1990). The evolution of a teacher training programme In R. K. Johnson (Ed.), The second language curriculum (pp.111–135). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brown, D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Brown, J. D. (2001). Using surveys in language programs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Camilleri, G. A. (Ed.). (1999). Learner autonomy - The teachers' views. Strassbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. Retrieved from http://archive.ecml.at/documents/pubCamilleriG_E.pdf
Camilleri, G. A. (2007). Pedagogy for autonomy, teachers’ attitudes and institutional change: A case study. In M. J. Raya, & L. Sercu (Eds.), Challenges in teacher development: Learner autonomy and intercultural competence (pp. 81-102). Frankurt: Peter Lang.
Candy, (1991). Self-direction for lifelong learning. California: Jossey-Bass.
Chan, V. (2003). Autonomous language learning: The teachers’ perspective. Teaching in Higher Education, 8(1), 33–48.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. London: Routledge- Falmer.
Cotterall, S. (1995). Readiness for autonomy: Investigating learner beliefs. System, 23, 195-205.
Crabbe, D., Elgort, I, & Gu, P. (2013). Autonomy in a networked world. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7 (3), 193-197.
Dam, L. (1995). Learner autonomy 3: From theory to practice. Dublin: Authentik.
Dam, L. (2003). Developing LA: The teacher’s responsibility. In D. Little, J. Ridley, and E. Ushioda (Eds.), Learner autonomy in foreign language classrooms: Teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment. Dublin: Authentik.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: OUP.
Dörnyei, Z. (2010). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Feryok, A. (2013). Teaching for LA: The teacher’s role and sociocultural theory. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7 (3), 213-225.
Galiniené, L. (1999). Learner autonomy through project work. In A. Camilleri (Ed.), Introducing learner autonomy in teacher education, (pp. 22–32). Graz: European Centre for Modern Languages.
Gatt, F. (1999). DIVA: Learner autonomy for in-service teachers. In A. Camilleri (Ed.), Introducing learner autonomy in teacher education, (pp. 33–42). Graz: European Centre for Modern Languages.
Holec, H. (1981). Autonomy in foreign language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Jiménez Raya, M. (2011). Enhancing pedagogy for autonomy: The potential of a case-based approach in promoting reflection and action. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 5(2): 151–163. doi:10.1080/17501229.2011. 577531.
Jiménez Raya, M., & Vieira, F. (2015). Enhancing autonomy in language education: A case-based approach to teacher and learner development. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kohonen, V. (1992). Experiential language learning: Second language learning as cooperative learner education. In D. Nunan, (Ed.), Collaborative language learning and teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). A postmethod perspective on language teaching. World Englishes, 22(4), 539-50.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Understanding language teaching: From method to post-method. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2012). Language teacher education for a global society. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Lai, C., Gardner, D., & Law, E. (2013). New to facilitating self-directed learning: The changing perceptions of teachers. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7 (3), 281-294.
Lam, T. E. (2008). Introduction to this volume [introduction]. In T. E. Lamb and H. Reinders (Eds.), Learner and teacher autonomy: Concepts, realities, and responses (pp.5-11). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lamb, T. E., & Reinders. H. (2008). Learner and teacher autonomy: Concepts, realities, and responses. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lee, J. J. (2010), The uniqueness of EFL teachers: Perceptions of Japanese learners. TESOL Journal, 1, 23–48. doi:10.5054/tj.2010.214881
Lewis, T. (2013). Between the social and the selfish: Learner autonomy in online environments. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7 (3), 198-212.
Lier, van L. (1996). Interaction in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy and authenticity. New York: Longman.
Little, D. (1991). Learner autonomy: Definitions, issues and problems. Dublin: Authentik.
Little, D. (2002). Learner autonomy and second/foreign language learning, good practice guide. LTSN Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies. Retrieved from http://www.lang.ltsn.ac.uk/resources/goodpractice.aspx? resourceid=1409.
Littlewood, W. (2007). Communicative and task-based language teaching in East Asian classrooms. Language Teaching, 40(3), 243-249. doi: 10.1017/S0261444807004363
Mansour, N. (2013). Consistencies and inconsistencies between science teachers’ beliefs and practices. International Journal of Science Education, 35(7), 1230-1275. doi: 10.1080/09500693.2012.743196.
Manzano Vázquez, B. (2016). Teacher development for autonomy: An exploratory review of language teacher education for learner and teacher autonomy. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching. 10(3), 1-11. doi: 10.1080/17501229.2016.1235171
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). (2002). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Nguyen, N. T., Tangen, D., & Beutel, D. (2014). Exploring the concept of LA in cross-cultural research. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 5(3), 202-216.
Nunan, D. (1997). Designing and adapting materials to encourage LA. In P. Benson & P. Voller (Eds.), Autonomy and independence in language learning (pp. 192-203). New York: Longman.
Oxford, R. (2003). Toward a more systematic model of L2 LA. In Learner autonomy across cultures: Language education perspectives. (pp. 75-91). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Palfreyman, D. (2003). Introduction: Culture and LA. In D. Palfreyman & R. C. Smith (Eds.) Learner autonomy across cultures: Language education perspectives (pp. 183-200). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Polkinghorne, D. E., (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 8(1), 5-23.
Sheerin, S. (1991). State of the art: Self-access. Language Teaching, 24(3), pp. 153-57.
Swain, M., Kinner, P., & Steinman, L. (2011). Sociocultural theory in second language education: An introduction through narratives. New York: Multilingual Matters.
Tseng, W. T., Dörnyei, Z., & Schmitt, N. (2006). A new approach to assessing strategic learning: The case of self-regulation in vocabulary acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 27(1), 78-102.
Ushioda, E., R. Smith, S. Mann, & Brown, P. (2011). Promoting teacher-learner autonomy through and beyond initial language teacher education. Language Teaching, 44(1), 118–121. doi:10.1017/S026144481000039X
Yildirim, O. (2012). A study on a group of Indian English as a second language learners’ perceptions of autonomous learning.  Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry. 3(2), 18-29.
Zheng, H. (2013). Teachers’ beliefs and practices: A dynamic and complex relationship. Asia- Pacific Journal of teacher education, 41(3), 331- 343. Doi. 10.1080/1359866X.2013.809051.