Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of English, Yazd University, Iran
Abstract
This study aims to identify the role of transfer in the L3 acquisition of indefinite frequency adverbs, be it L1, L2 or both; and to find out whether CLI occurs on a feature-by-feature basis or as a wholesale phenomenon. Also, this study intends to investigate the influence of the learners' L2 proficiency on the L3 acquisition of indefinite frequency adverbs; and to examine the effect of different task modalities on the facilitative/detrimental role of background languages in the transfer of indefinite frequency adverbs in the early stages of German learning. To this end, we studied 30 Persian-speaking L3 learners with previous L2 knowledge of English. We collected data from a grammaticality judgement task to account for learners' receptive knowledge and an element rearrangement task to measure learners' production. The data were analyzed using multivariate tests and paired samples t-tests, which allowed us to estimate the effects of background languages, learners' L2 proficiency, and task type on the acquisition of indefinite frequency adverbs in L3. The results contradicted the wholesale CLI and supported the hybrid transfer models of CEM and LPM, which claim that transfer occurs property by property. The results also refuted the role of micro-variables, including learners' L2 proficiency and task type.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Arıbaş, D. Ş., & Cele, F. (2021). Acquisition of articles in L2 and L3 English: The influence of L2 proficiency on positive transfer from L2 to L3. Journal of multilingual and multicultural development, 42(1), 19-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1667364
Bardel, C., & Falk, Y. (2007). The role of the second language in third language acquisition: The case of Germanic syntax. Second Language Research, 23, 459-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307080557
Berkes, É., & Flynn, S. (2012). Further evidence in support of the Cumulative-Enhancement Model: CP structure development. In J. Cabrelli Amaro, & Rothman, J. (Ed.) Third language acquisition in adulthood (pp. 143-164). John Benjamins.
Bobkina, J., & Stefanova Radoulska, S. (2018). A corpus-based study of adverbs of frequency in a goal-oriented distance learning forum. ELIA, 18, 15-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/elia.2018.i18.02
De Angelis, G. (Eds.). (2011). New trends in cross-linguistic influence and
multilingualism research. Multilingual Matters.
multilingualism research. Multilingual Matters.
Dehham, S. H. (2014). Evaluating the Performance of Iraqi EFL College Students in Using Frequency Adverbs. International Journal of English Linguistics, 4(6), 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v4n6p39
Fallah, N., Jabbari, A. A, & Fazilatfar, A. M. (2016). Source(s) of syntactic CLI: The case of L3 acquisition of English possessives by Mazanderani-Persian bilinguals. Second Language Research, 32, 225–245.
Flynn, S., Foley, C., & Vinnitskaya, I. (2004). The cumulative-enhancement model for language acquisition: Comparing adults’ and children’s patterns of development in first, second and third language acquisition of relative clauses. The International Journal of Multilingualism, 1, 3-16.
Folse, K. S. (2012). Clear grammar 2: Keys to grammar for English language learners. 2nd edition, University of Michigan Press / ELT.
Geranpayeh, A. (2006). A quick review of the English quick placement test. Retrieved from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations. http://www.uniss.it/documenti/lingue.
Ghezlou, M., Koosha, M., & Lotfi, A. R. (2019). Cross-linguistic influence in the L3 acquisition of English adjective properties by Azeri-Persian bilinguals. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 1299-1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12183a
González Alonso, J., Rothman, J., Berndt, D., Castro, T., & Westergaard, M. (2017). Broad scope and narrow focus: On the contemporary linguistic and psycholinguistic study of third language acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21(6), 639–650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916653685
Hakansson, G., Pienemann, M., & Sayheli, S. (2002). Transfer and typological proximity in the context of second language processing. Second Language Research, 18(33), 250–273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658302sr206oa
Hammarberg, B. (2001). Roles of L1 and L2 in L3 production and acquisition. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen, & U. Jessner (Eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: psycholinguistic perspectives, 21-41. Clevedon, Multilingual Matters.
Hermas, A. (2014a). Multilingual transfer: L1 morphosyntax in L3 English. International Journal of Language Studies, 8, 1–24.
Hermas, A. (2014b). Restrictive relatives in L3 English: L1 transfer and ultimate attainment
convergence. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 34, 361–387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2014.898227
convergence. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 34, 361–387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2014.898227
Hermas, A. (2015). The categorization of the relative complementizer phrase in third- language English: A feature re-assembly account. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(5), 587-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006914527019
Hernández, M. S. (2006). The Position of Adverbs in English: Trying to solve a major problem most language learners usually face. Filología Lingüística, XXXII (1), 271-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v32i1.4332
Jamali, M., Jabbari, A. A., & Razmi, M. H. (2021). Acquisition of attributive adjectives and noun adjuncts by L3 learners of French and German: Further evidence for the typological primacy model (TPM). International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2022-0178.
James, C. (1981). Contrastive analysis. Longman.
Jensen, I. N., Mitrofanova, N., Anderssen, M., Rodina, Y., Slabakova, R., & Westergaard, M. (2023). Crosslinguistic influence in L3 acquisition across linguistic modules. International Journal of Multilingualism, 20(3), 717-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1985127
Jin, F. (2009). Third language acquisition of Norwegian objects: Interlanguage transfer or L1 influence? In Y-k. I. Leung (Ed.), Third Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar (pp. 144-161). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Kanduboda, P. B. (2017). Processing of English Sentences Consisting of Frequency Adverbs by Japanese EFL Learners. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 7(11), 952-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0711.02
Kopečková, R., Gut, U., Wrembel, M., & Balas, A. (2022). Phonological cross-linguistic influence at the initial stages of L3 acquisition. Second Language Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/02676583221123994.
Leung, Y. K. I. (2006). Full Transfer vs. partial transfer in L2 and L3 acquisition. In R. Slabakova, S. Montrul, & P. Prévost (Eds.), Inquiries in language development: studies in honor of Lydia White (pp. 157-187). John Benjamins.
Lozano, C. (2003). Focus pronouns and word order in the acquisition of L2 and L3 Spanish.
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Essex, England.
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Essex, England.
Proulx, J. (2022). Third Language Phonological Acquisition: Comparison of Simultaneous and Sequential Bilinguals’ Acquisition of Voice Onset Time, Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University.
Rothman, J. (2010). On the typological economy of syntactic transfer: Word order and relative clause high/low attachment preference in L3 Brazilian Portuguese. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Teaching (IRAL), 48, 245–273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral.2010.011
Rothman, J., & Amaro, J. C. (2010). What variables condition syntactic transfer? A look at the L3 initial state. Second Language Research, 26, 189–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658309349410
Rothman, J. (2011). L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: The
Typological Primacy Model. Second Language Research, 27, 107–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386439
Typological Primacy Model. Second Language Research, 27, 107–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386439
Rothman, J. (2013). Cognitive economy, non-redundancy and typological primacy in L3 acquisition: Evidence from initial stages of L3 Romance. In S. Baauw, F. Dirjkoningen & M. Pinto (eds.), Romance languages and linguistic theory (pp. 217–247). Amsterdam: Benjamins. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rllt.5.11rot
Rothman, J. (2015). Linguistic and cognitive motivations for the typological primacy model (TPM) of third language (L3) transfer: Timing of acquisition and proficiency considered. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(2), 179-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S136672891300059X
Salimi, H., Jabbari, A. A., & Ghoorchaei, B. (2022). Third language acquisition of English adjective placement by Turkmen-Persian male and female bilinguals. Critical Applied Linguistics Studies, 1(1), 100-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/jcals.1.1.100
Torabi, F. S., & Jabbari, A. A. (2018). The Acquisition of French (L3) orthography by Persian (L1) speakers learning English (L2). Journal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances, 6(2), 29-47.
Westergaard, M., Mitrofanova, N., Mykhaylyk, R., & Rodina, Y. (2017). Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The Linguistic Proximity Model. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21(6), 666-682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916648859
Williams, S., & Hammarberg, B. (1998). Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model. Applied linguistics, 19(3), 295- 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635115.003.0003
Yule, G. (2006). The Study of Language, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press.
)