Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Tarbiat Modares University
2 Tarbiat Modares University (TMU)
Abstract
Much interest has recently been directed toward the knowledge of collocations in the field of second language learning since they have been asserted to improve fluency. The current study was intended to examine the effect of verbal and visuospatial working memory spans on the processing of collocations using a Self-Pace Reading Task (SPRT) and relevant working memory tasks. To this end, participants were divided into two distinct groups (low vs. high) based on their scores in the verbal and visuospatial memory tasks. The results of the analyses revealed that there was not a statistically significant difference between high and low verbal memory groups in the processing of collocations. However, a significant difference was witnessed between high and low visuospatial memory groups in their reaction time. These results have important implications for the multi-word processing models and the way collocations should be taught in the classroom.
Keywords
Aisenstadt, E. (1979). Collocability Restrictions in Dictionaries. In Dictionaries and their Users. Exter: University of Exter.
Allen, R. J., Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2006). Is the binding of visual features in working memory resource-demanding? Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 135(2), 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.2.298
Atkins, P. W. B., & Baddeley, A. D. (1998). Working memory and distributed vocabulary learning. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0142716400010353
Baddeley, A. (1986). Working Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A. (1992). Working Memory. Science, New Series, 255(5044), 556–559. Retrieved from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819920131%293%3A255%3A5044%3C556%3AWM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B
Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(10), 829–839. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1201
Baddeley, A. (2007). Working Memory, Thought, and Action. New York: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A. D., & Ecob, J. R. (1970). Simultaneous acoustic and semantic coding in short-term memory. Nature, 227(5255), 288–289. https://doi.org/10.1038/227288a0
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). WORKING MEMORY. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 47–89). Academic Press.
Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998). The Phonological Loop as a Language Learning Device. Psychological Review, 105(1), 158–173.
Bahns, J., & Eldaw, M. (1993). Should we teach EFL students collocations? System, 21(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(93)90010-E
Barfield, A., & Gyllstad, H. (2009). Researching Collocations in Another Language: Multiple Interpretations. London: Palgrave macmillan.
Beeman, M., Friedman, R. B., Grafman, J., Perez, E., Diamond, S., & Lindsay, M. B. (1994). Summation Priming and Coarse Semantic Coding in the Right Hemisphere. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1994.6.1.26
Bishop, D. V. M. (2006). Beyond words: Phonological short-term memory and syntactic impairment in specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 545–598. https://doi.org/10.1017.S0142716406060395
Bonk, C. J. (2000). Testing ESL learners’ knowledge of collocation. A Focus on Language Test Development: Expanding the Language Proficiency Construct across a Variety of Tests (Technical Report #21) , 113–142.
Chincotta, D., & Underwood, G. (1997). Digit Span and Articulatory Suppression: A Cross-linguistic Comparison. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/713752545
Chon, Y. V., & Shin, D. (2013). A Corpus-Driven Analysis of Spoken and Written Academic Collocations. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 16(3), 11–38.
Cowie, A. P. (1981). The treatment of collocations and idioms in learners’dictionaries. Applied Linguistics, 2(3), 223–235. Retrieved from http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22587/
Cowie, A. P. (1994). Phraseology. In the encyclopedia of languauge and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon.
Cowie, A. P. (1998). Linguistic Society of America Review. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Daneman, M and Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual Differences in Working Memory and Reading. JOURNAL OF VERBAL LEARNING AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR, 19, 450–466.
Deuter, M., & Lea, D. (2002). Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English. (D. Lea, Ed.), Book. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/16.1.57
Ellis, N. C. (1996). Analyzing Language Sequence in the Sequence of Language Acquisition: Some Comments on Major and Ioup. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18(3), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100015084
Ellis, N. C., & Sinclair, S. G. (1996). Working Memory in the Acquisition of Vocabulary and Syntax: Putting Language in Good Order. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A(1), 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755604
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1989). Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(89)90044-2
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1990). The role of phonological memory in vocabulary acquisition: A study of young children learning new names. British Journal of Pychology, 81, 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02371.x
Gathercole, S. E., Service, E., Hitch, G. J., Adams, A.-M., & Martin, A. J. (1999). Phonological Short-term Memory and Vocabulary Development: Further Evidence on the Nature of the Relationship. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 65–77.
Gathercole, S. E., Willis, C. S., Emslie, H., & Baddeley, A. D. (1992). Phonological Memory and Vocabulary Development During the Early School \ears: A Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 887–898.
Ghezelseflou, M., & Seyedrezaei, S. H. (2015). The Effect of Teaching Vocabulary through Collocations on the Vocabulary Learning of Iranian EFL Students. Journal of Language Sciences & Linguistics, 3(1), 9–16.
Gitsaki, C. (1999). Tleaching English Collocations to ESL Students. NUCB Journal of Language Culture and Communication, 1(3), 27–34.
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1992). Working memory and the mind. Scientific American, 267(3), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0992-110
Gyselinck, V., De Beni, R., Pazzaglia, F., Meneghetti, C., & Mondoloni, A. (2007). Working memory components and imagery instructions in the elaboration of a spatial mental model. Psychological Research, 71(3), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-006-0091-1
Halliday, M. A. K. (1966). Lexis as a linguistic level. In In Memory of J.R. Firth (pp. 150–61). London: Longman. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Collocations:pedagogical+implications,+and+their+treatment+in+pedagogical+materials#0
Han, S. (2015). PROCESSING FORMULAIC SEQUENCES BY NATIVE AND NONNATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH : EVIDENCE FROM READING ALOUD By Sumi Han A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics Northern. Northern Arizona University.
Hitch, G. J., Woodin, M. E., & Baker, S. (1989). Visual and phonological components of working memory in children. Memory & Cognition, 17(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197067
Howarth, P. A. (1996). Phraseology in English Academic Writing: Some Implications for Language Learning and Dictionary Making.
Hulme, C., Roodenrys, S., Schweickert, R., Brown, G. D. A., Martin, M., & Stuart, G. (1997). Word-frequency effects on short-term memory tasks: evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(5), 1217–1232. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.23.5.1217
Hyland, K. (2008). As can be seen: Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation. English for Specific Purposes, 27(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2007.06.001
Jarrold, C., Cowan, N., Hewes, A. K., & Riby, D. M. (2004). Speech timing and verbal short-term memory: Evidence for contrasting deficits in Down syndrome and Williams syndrome. Journal of Memory and Language, 51(3), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.06.007
Jiang, N. A. N., & Nekrasova, T. M. (2007). The Processing of Formulaic Sequences by Second Language Speakers. The Modern Language Journal, 91(3), 433–445.
Kormos, J., & Safar, A. (2008). Phonological short-term memory, working memory and foreign language performance in intensive language learning. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728908003416
Lilienthal, L., Hale, S., & Myerson, J. (2014). The effects of environmental support and secondary tasks on visuospatial working memory. Memory & Cognition, 42(3), 1118–1129. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-014-0421-2
Logie, R. H. (1995). Visuo-spatial Working Memory. Aberdeen: Psychology Press.
Logie, R. H., Della Sala, S., Wynn, V., & Baddeley, A. D. (2000). Visual similarity effects in immediate verbal serial recall. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology, 53(3), 626–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755916
Marton, W. (1977). Foreign Vocabulary Learning as Problem No . 1 of Language Teaching at the Advanced Level. In Interlanguage studies bulletin (Vol. 2, pp. 33–57). Sage publications, Ltd.
Masoura, E. V, & Gathercole, S. E. (1999). Phonological Shor t-term Memory and Foreign Language Learning. International Journal of Psychology, 34((5/6)), 383–388.
Nesselhauf, N. (2003). The use of collacations by advanced leaners of English and some implication for teaching. Applied Linguistics, 24(2), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/24.2.223
O ’brien, I., Segalowitz, N., & Collentine, J. (2006). Phonological memory and lexical, narrative, and grammatical skills in second language oral production by adult learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27(3), 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1017.S0142716406060322
Palmer. (1933). Second interim report on English collocations. Palmer, H. E. (1933). Second interim report on English collocations. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
Papagno, C., Valentine, T., & Baddeley, A. (1991). Phonological short-term memory and foreign-language vocabulary learning. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(3), 331–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90040-Q
Papagno, C., & Vallar, G. (1992). Phonological Short-term Memory and the Learning of Novel Words: The Effect of Phonological Similarity and Item Length. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 44A(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401283
Rowe, G., Hasher, L., & Turcotte, J. (2008). Age differences in visuospatial working memory. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.79
Service, E. (1992). Phonology, Working Memory, and Foreign-language Learning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401314
Service, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (1993). Differences between young and older adults in learning a foreign vocabulary. Journal of Memory and Language.
Shallice, T., & Warrington, E. K. (1970). Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: a neuropsychological study. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22(2), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335557043000203
Shokouhi, H., & Mirsalari, G. (2010). Collocational Knowledge versus General Linguistic Knowledge among Iranian EFL Learners, 13(4), 1–24.
Sinclair, J. (2004). Trust the text: Language, corpus and discourse. In An academic formulas list: New methods in phraseology research (Vol. 31, pp. 487–512). University of Michigan. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp058
Sinclair, J., Jones, S., & Daley, R. (2003). English collocation studies: The OSTI Report. (Krishnamurthy Robert, Ed.), Geoffrey Leech. University of Birmingham Press.
Siyanova-chanturia, A., Conklin, K., & Heuven, W. J. B. Van. (2011). Seeing a Phrase “ Time and Again ” Matters : The Role of Phrasal Frequency in the Processing of Multiword Sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37(3), 776–784. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022531
Skrzypek, A. (2009). Phonological Short-term Memory and L2 collocational development in adult learners. EUROSLA Yearbook, 9, 160–184. https://doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.9.09skr
Skrzypek, A., & Singleton, D. (2014). Phonological Short-Term Memory and the Operation of Cross-Linguistic Factors in Elementary and Pre-Intermediate Adult L2 Learners’ Collocational Usage. In Language Learning, Discourse and Communication (p. 272). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00419-8_14
Smyth, M. M., & Pendleton, L. R. (1989). Working memory for movements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41A(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402363
Speciale, G., Ellis, N. C., & Bywater, T. (2004). Phonological sequence learning and short-term store capacity determine second language vocabulary acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, 293–321. https://doi.org/10.1017.S0142716404001146
Ungerleider, L. G., & Mishkin, M. (1982). Two cortical vision systems. In Analysis of Visual Behavior (pp. 549–586). MIT Press.
Valsecchi, M., Saage, S., White, B. J., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2008). Advantage in Reading Lexical Bundles is Reduced in Non-Native Speakers. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 6(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.6.5.2
Vicari, S., Bellucci, S., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2006). Evidence from two genetic syndromes for the independence of spatial and visual working memory. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48(2), 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206000272
Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic Language and the Lexicon. Language (Vol. 80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0209
)